Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are human cells that can turn themselves into different body cells. Mesenchymal stem cells are also referred to as Mesenchymal stromal cells. Mesenchymal stromal cells are a broader designation to describe these cells. Within this designation are various mesenchymal cells with immunomodulatory (related to immune system) properties. Mesenchymal stem cells are a more specific designation capable of differentiating into multiple cell types.

Stem cell regenerative medicine therapies work on the concept that injected or IV introduced Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can repair damaged joints by turning themselves into specialized cells.

These cells include:

  • Chondrocytes: The cells that build cartilage.
  • Myocytes: The cells that build muscles.
  • Osteocytes: The cells the build bones.

This changing action is referred to in research as stem cell differentiation.

The Theory of Stem Cell Therapy – Cell Signaling and the “Paracrine effect.”

Recent studies, however, suggest something beyond stem cell differentiation are at play in stem cell therapy. Researchers are now examining the phenomena of cell signaling or cellular communication.

In cell signaling, injected cells talk to the native cells in the damaged areas. This signaling tells the native cells that they may be required to release growth factors to stimulate and facilitate repair of damaged soft tissue and bone. Still further, the cells tell the native cells to release anti-inflammatory components of the immune system. The entire action of these cells in signaling to native cells is called “the paracrine effect.”

Where do Mesenchymal stem cells come from?

“Sources of Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) include bone marrow, adipose tissue, umbilical cord, skeletal, muscle, peripheral blood, and amniotic fluid”(1)

Why are Mesenchymal stem cells used?

Many studies have shown the beneficial effects of Mesenchymal stem cell therapy to treat degenerative joint and back diseases. (2,3,4)

References

1 Igwe N, Patel NC, Aijaz T. Regenerative Therapy In Pain. [Updated 2022 Jul 24]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls.
2 Shaw B, Darrow M, Derian A. Short-Term Outcomes in Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis With 4 Bone Marrow Concentrate Injections. Clin Med Insights Arthritis Musculoskelet Disord. 2018 Jun 18;11:1179544118781080.
3 Sampson S, Botto-van Bemden A, Aufiero D. Autologous bone marrow concentrate: review and application of a novel intra-articular orthobiologic for cartilage disease. Phys Sportsmed. 2013;41:7–18.
4 Williams AR, Hare JM. Mesenchymal stem cells: biology, pathophysiology, translational findings, and therapeutic implications for cardiac disease. Circ Res. 2011;109:923–940.